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A dog biscuit is a hard biscuit-based dietary supplement for dogs or other canines, similar to human snack food. Dog biscuits tend to be hard and dry. Dog biscuits may be sold in a flat bone-shape. Some manufacturers claim the dry and hard biscuit texture helps clean the dog's teeth, promoting oral health. ==History== "Dog's bread", made from bran, has been mentioned since at least Roman times.〔Louis Charles Dezobry, ''Rome Au Siecle D'Auguste: Ou, Voyage d'un Gaulois a Rome'', Volume 3, p380 https://books.google.com/books?id=bWKvU14_WVYC&pg=PT388&dq=%22pain+de+chien%22&hl=en&ei=GFMYTOEYh6CdB6ShvbkK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=15&ved=0CHcQ6AEwDg#v=onepage&q&f=false〕 It was already criticized (as in later centuries) as particularly bad bread; Juvenal refers to dog's bread as "filth" - "And bit into the filth of a dog's bread" ''Et farris sordes mordere Canini''.〔Titus Maccius Plautus, Les comédies, Volume 2, Leide, 1719 23 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA23&dq=%22pain+de+chien%22&ei=6VUYTOf0BNm3nAethvnRCg&ct=result&id=ax0TAAAAQAAJ#v=onepage&q=%22pain%20de%20chien%22&f=false〕 In Spain, "pan de perro" is mentioned as early as 1623 in a play by Lope de Vega.〔Lope de Vega, Decimaoctava parte de las comedias de Lope de Vega Carpio, 1623 https://books.google.com/books?pg=R PA146&dq=%22pan+de+perro%22&ei=_VgYTO37OND_nAfG1v22Cg&ct=result&id=QTB4JIoKmdIC#v=onepage&q=%22pan%20de%20perro%22&f=false〕 It is used here in the sense of giving someone blows; to "give dog's bread" to someone could mean anything from mistreating them to killing them.〔Francisco Sobrino, Diccionario nuevo de las lenguas española y francesa: el mas amplio y el ... 1760 p438 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA438&dq=%22pan+de+perro%22&ei=_VgYTO37OND_nAfG1v22Cg&ct=result&id=7FM9AAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=%22pan%20de%20perro%22&f=false〕 The latter meaning refers to a special bread (also called ''zarazas'') made with ground glass, poison and needles and intended to kill dogs.〔Ignacio Arellano, Comedias burlescas del siglo de oro, 2004 p77 https://books.google.com/books?id=z5ddAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pan+de+perro%22+vidrio&dq=%22pan+de+perro%22+vidrio&hl=en&ei=jlwYTMnIH9XdnAewnc2oCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw〕 The bread meant as food for dogs was also called ''parruna''〔François Cormon, Francisco Sobrino. Sobrino aumentado, o Nuevo diccionario de las lenguas , 1776 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA304&dq=%22pan+de+perro%22+perruna&ei=e14YTMnUF5yznAfgy7zWCg&ct=result&id=vRYrAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=%22pan%20de%20perro%22%20perruna&f=false〕 and was made from bran.〔François Cormon, Francisco Sobrino. Sobrino aumentado, o Nuevo diccionario de las lenguas ..., Volume 1, Part 2 1789 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA228&dq=%22pain+de+chien%22&ei=mVQYTLP2J8f9nQf3ocTLCg&ct=result&id=IQISAAAAIAAJ#v=onepage&q=%22pain%20de%20chien%22&f=false〕 This was very likely what was referred to in associating the bread with (non-fatal) mistreatment. In France, Charles Estienne wrote in 1598: "Take no notice of bran bread,... it is better to leave it for the hunting, or shepherd, or watch dogs."〔Charles Estienne, L' agriculture et maison rustique, Book V (NP), 1598 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PT669&dq=ye&ei=dsYeTI-aH4aUnQffvfSODg&ct=result&id=NC08AAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q=ye&f=false〕 By the nineteenth century, "pain de chien" had become a way of referring to very bad bread: "It is awful, general, they give us dog's bread!"〔Jean Baptiste Frédéric Koch, Mémoires de Massena, 4, 1849, p201 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA201&dq=%22pain+de+chien%22&ei=Y2EYTJnFDZOLnAewmI3LCg&ct=result&id=CtOyX4ZWJ2oC#v=onepage&q=%22pain%20de%20chien%22&f=false〕 The English dog biscuit appears to be a nineteenth-century innovation: "With this may be joined farinaceous and vegetable articles — oat-meal, fine-pollard, dog-biscuit, potatoes, carrots, parsnips" (1827);〔''The American Farmer'', John S. Skinner, Editor. February 9, 1827 p 374 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA374&dq=%22dog+biscuit%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1600&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1850&cd=9&id=3FBGjbbMjpAC&num=100&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22dog%20biscuit%22&f=false〕 "being in the neighbourhood of Maidenhead, I inspected Mr. Smith's dog-biscuit manufactory, and was surprised to find he has been for a long period manufacturing the enormous quantity of five tons a-week !" (1828)〔"A few lines from Nimrod", ''The Sporting Magazine'', v22 May 1828 p250 https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA250&dq=%22dog+biscuit%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1600&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1850&cd=8&id=0rECAAAAYAAJ&num=100&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22dog%20biscuit%22&f=false〕 In later years, dog biscuits began to be made of meat products and were sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food. In 1871, an ad appeared in ''Cassell's Illustrated Almanac'' for "SLATER'S MEAT BISCUIT FOR DOGS - Contains vegetable substances and about 25 per cent of Prepared Meat. It gives Dogs endurance, and without any other food will keep them in fine working condition."〔1871 Cassell's Illustrated Almanac https://books.google.com/books?pg=PR132&dq=%22dog+food%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1600&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1890&cd=63&id=kCcOAAAAQAAJ&num=100&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=%22dog%20food%22&f=false〕 In England, Spratt's Dog Biscuits not only obtained a patent but seems to have claimed to have invented the food: In at least one case (in 1886) Spratt sued a seller accused of substituting another product - an early example of a company fighting "knock-offs": Spratt lost in this case and the judge regretted that he could not grant the defendant court costs. At one point after this, as an industrial product, dog biscuits were classified in the same category as soap: "Of the making of dog biscuits, which the census places in the same category with soap, as using animal refuse from which soap grease has been extracted, it is unnecessary to say much."〔Charles Booth, ''Life and labour of the people in London'', v 6, 1892-1903 p118 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93987x.image.hl.r=biscuit.f132.langEN〕 thumb Spratt dominated the American market until 1907, when F. H. Bennett, whose own dog biscuits were faring poorly against those of the larger company, had the idea of making them in the shape of a bone. "His 'Maltoid Milk-Bones' were such a success that for the next fifteen years Bennett's Milk-Bone dominated the commercial dog food market in America."〔Ernie Ward, Ernie DVM, ''Chow Hounds: Why Our Dogs Are Getting Fatter and a Vet's Plan to Save Their ...'' , 2010 p28 https://books.google.com/books?id=GRlfCL9ANU0C&pg=PA28&dq=bennett+milk-bone&lr=&num=100&as_brr=0&cd=4#v=onepage&q=bennett%20milk-bone&f=false〕 In 1931, the National Biscuit Company, now known as Nabisco, bought the company. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dog biscuit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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